Phubbing as a Social Norm: Effects on Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and Perceived Exclusion
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17398/1695-288X.24.1.65Keywords:
Phubbing, Medo de ficar de fora (FoMO), Isolamento social, Normas sociais, TelemóvelAbstract
Technology and social media have transformed the way we communicate, interact, and stay informed. Phubbing is a term that comes from two words «phone» and «snubbing» and represents the act of ignoring a person in a real life setting by paying attention to their cell phone. This behavior may be normalized or cause social difficulties in certain situations. The aim of this study was to analyze the levels of normative behavior and their relations with FoMO, feelings of social exclusion and the phubbing perceived scale. A cross-sectional study was conducted, and the participants were 1506 people in Argentina (50.79% identified as women and 49.21% as men), with an age range between 18 and 65 years old who completed an online survey. The results confirmed that phubbing is perceived as normative behavior in most of the participants, representing a predictor of phubbing in their social interactions. Relations were also found between the perceived normative phubbing and levels of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and feelings of social exclusion. Implications of the variables studied are discussed as possible predictors of phubbing and are to be considered in its approach. The study examines phubbing as a normative behavior in Argentina. No previous studies have been carried out in our country that consider Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), Feelings of Social Exclusion and Perceived Phubbing as predictor variables.
Downloads
References
Aagaard, J. (2020). Digital akrasia: a qualitative study of phubbing. AI and Society 35(1), 237-244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-019-00876-0
Al-Saggaf, Y., & MacCulloch, R. (2019). Phubbing and social relationships: Results from an Australian sample. Journal of Relationships Research, 10, 10-20. https://doi.org/10.1017/jrr.2019.9
Aljasir, S. (2022). Present but absent in the digital age: testing a conceptual model of phubbing and relationship satisfaction among
married couples. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1402751
Blanca, M. J., & Bendayan, R. (2018). Spanish version of the Phubbing Scale: Internet addiction, Facebook intrusion, and fear of missing out as correlates. Psicothema, 30(4), 449-454. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2018.153
Bentler, P. M. (2007). On tests and indices for evaluating structural models. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 825-829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.024
Boniel-Nissim M., Tynjälä, J., Gobiņa, I., Furstova, J., van den Eijnden, R., Marino, C., Klanšček, H.J., Klavina-Makrecka, S., Villeruša, A., Lahti, H., Vieno, A., Wong, S.L., Villberg, J., Inchley, J., Gariépy, G. (2023). Adolescent use of social media and associations with sleep patterns across 18 European and North American countries. Sleep Health, 9(3), 314-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2023.01.005
Budnick, C. J., Rogers, A. P., & Barber, L. K. (2020). The fear of missing out at work: Examining costs and benefits to employee health and motivation. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 106161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106161
Chotpitayasunondh, Varoth & Douglas, Karen. (2016). How “phubbing” becomes the norm: The antecedents and consequences of snubbing via smartphone. Computers in Human Behavior 63, 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.018
Chotpitayasunondh, Varoth & Douglas, Karen. (2018). The effects of "phubbing" on social interaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48(6), 304-316. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12506
David, M. E., & Roberts, J. A. (2017). Phubbed and alone: Phone snubbing, social exclusion, and attachment to social media. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 2(2), 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1086/690940
David, M.E. & Roberts, J. A. (2020). Developing and testing a scale designed to measure perceived phubbing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(21), 1-15, 8152. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218152
Daantje Derks, A. B., Bakker, M. G. (2021). Private smartphone use during worktime: A diary study on the unexplored costs of integrating the work and family domains. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, 106530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106530
Durao, M., Etchezahar, E., Albalá Genol, M. Á., & Muller, M. (2023). Fear of Missing Out, Emotional Intelligence and Attachment in Older Adults in Argentina. Journal of Intelligence, 11(2), 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11020022
Falk, A., & Fischbacher, U. (2006). A theory of reciprocity. Games and Economic Behavior, 54(2), 293-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2005.03.001
George, D. and Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference 17.0 Update. 10th Edition, Pearson.
Haigh, A. (2015). Stop phubbing. Retrieved from http://stopphubbing.com
Hakoama, M., & Hakoyama, S. (2012). Young adults’ evaluations of cell phone manners. The American Association of Behavioral and Social Sciences Journal, the AABSS Journal, 16, 140-154.
Hall J.A., Baym N.K. and Miltner K.M. (2014). Put down that phone and talk to me: Understanding the roles of mobile phone norm adherence and similarity in relationships. Mobile Media & Communication, 2, 134-153. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157913517684
Ivanova, A., Gorbaniuk, O., Błachnio, A. (2020). Mobile Phone Addiction, Phubbing, and Depression Among Men and Women: A Moderated Mediation Analysis. Psychiatr Q 91, 655–668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09723-8
Kadylak, T. (2019). Mobile Phone Habits During Face to Face First Encounters: An Investigation of Self-disclosure and Nonverbal Mimicry. Michigan State University. Information and Media.
Keysar, B., Converse, B. A., Wang, J., & Epley, N. (2008). Reciprocity is not give and take: asymmetric reciprocity to positive and negative acts. Psychological Science, 19(12), 1280e1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02223.x
Khan, M. (2008). Adverse effects of excessive mobile phone use. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 21(4), 289-293. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10001-008-0028-6
Krasnova H., Abramova O., Notter I., & Baumann A. (2016). Why phubbing is toxic for your relationship: Understanding the role of smartphone jealousy among ‘Generation Y’ users. Paper presented at the 24th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Istanbul, Turkey.
Koebner, I. J., Fishman, S. M., Paterniti, D., Sommer, D., Witt, C. M., Ward, D., & Joseph, J. G. (2018). The Art of Analgesia: A Pilot Study of Art Museum Tours to Decrease Pain and Social Disconnection Among Individuals with Chronic Pain. Pain Medicine, 20(4), 681–691. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pny148
Leuppert, R., & Geber, S. (2020). Commonly done but not socially accepted? Phubbing and social norms in dyadic and small group settings. Communication Research Reports, 37(3), 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2020.1756767
Li, Y.-X., Zhang, Y.-H., Yang, R., Lian, S.-L., Yan, L., & Zhu, X.-M. (2023). Relationship between Perceived Social Norms and Phubbing: Individual Control and Fear of Missing Out as Mediators. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 21, 1898–1913. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00696-8
Miller, D. T., & Prentice, D. A. (1996). The construction of social norms and standards. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 799–829). The Guilford Press.
Pancani, L., Marinucci, M., Aureli, N., & Riva, P. (2021). Forced social isolation and mental health: A study on 1006 Italians under COVID-19 quarantine. Frontiers in Psychology, 21(12), 663799. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.663799
Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841-1848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014
Ranie, L., & Zickuhr, K. (2015). Americans’ Views on Mobile Etiquette. Pew Research Center.
Rendón Vélez, L. J. (2022). El phubbing y las relaciones de pareja adulta. Poiésis, 42, 49-61. https://doi.org/10.21501/16920945.3792
Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2019). The Social Media Party: Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), Social Media Intensity, Connection, and Well-Being. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact, 36, 386–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2019.1646517
Sunstein, C. R. (1996). Social norms and social roles. Columbia Law Review, 2, 903-968. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1123430
Tandon, A., Amandeep D., Shalini T., Puneet K., & Matti M. (2021). Dark consequences of social media-induced fear of missing out (FoMO): Social media stalking, comparisons, and fatigue. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 171, 120931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120931
Turel, O., Matt, C., Trenz, M., Cheung, C.M.K., D’Arcy, J., Qahri-Saremi, H. & Tarafdar, M. (2019). Panel report: the dark side of the digitization of the individual. Internet Research, 29(2), 274-288. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-04-2019-541
Téllez Rojas, M. A., & Rivera Fong, L. (2020). Development and validation of an instrument to measure social exclusion perception in young people. Psicogente, 23, 144-166. https://doi.org/10.17081/psico.23.43.3294
Vanden Abeele, M. M. P. (2018). The social consequences of phubbing: A framework and a research agenda. In R. S. Ling, L. Gogging, S. S. Fortunati, & Y. Li (Eds.), Handbook of mobile communication, culture, and information (pp. 158-174). Oxford University Press.
Yousaf, S., Rasheed, M. I., Hameed, Z., & Luqman, A. (2019). Occupational stress and its outcomes: The role of work-social support in the hospitality industry. Personnel Review, 49(3), 755–773. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-11-2018-0478
Yousaf, S., Muhammad, I. R., Puneet, K., Nazrul, I., & Amandeep, D., (2022). The dark side of phubbing in the workplace: Investigating the role of intrinsic motivation and the use of enterprise social media (ESM) in a cross-cultural setting. Journal of Business Research, 143, 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.01.043.
Williams K. D., Cheung C., & Choi W. (2020). Cyberostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 748-762. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.5.748
Zhang, Z., Jiménez, F. R., & Cicala, J. E. (2020). Fear of Missing Out Scale: A self-concept perspective. Psychology and Marketing, 37(11), 1619-1634. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21406
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Miguel Ángel Albalá-Genol, Edgardo Etchezahar, Talía Gómez-Yepes, Joaquin Ungaretti

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal accept the following conditions:
1. The Author retains copyright in the article. Upon acceptance of the article, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the article. with the dcoument registered with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND) license, which allows to third parties to use what is published whenever they mention the authorship of the work and the first publication in this journal.
2. Authors can make other independent and additional contractual agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the article published in this journal (eg, include it in an institutional repository or publish it in a book) provided they clearly indicate that the work was published for the first time in this journal.
3. Authors are allowed and recommended to publish their work on the Internet (for example on institutional or personal pages) before and during the review and publication process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and a greater and faster diffusion of published work (see The Effect of Open Access).





