Phubbing as a Social Norm: Effects on Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and Perceived Exclusion

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17398/1695-288X.24.1.65

Keywords:

Phubbing, Medo de ficar de fora (FoMO), Isolamento social, Normas sociais, Telemóvel

Abstract

Technology and social media have transformed the way we communicate, interact, and stay informed. Phubbing is a term that comes from two words «phone» and «snubbing» and represents the act of ignoring a person in a real life setting by paying attention to their cell phone. This behavior may be normalized or cause social difficulties in certain situations. The aim of this study was to analyze the levels of normative behavior and their relations with FoMO, feelings of social exclusion and the phubbing perceived scale. A cross-sectional study was conducted, and the participants were 1506 people in Argentina (50.79% identified as women and 49.21% as men), with an age range between 18 and 65 years old who completed an online survey. The results confirmed that phubbing is perceived as normative behavior in most of the participants, representing a predictor of phubbing in their social interactions. Relations were also found between the perceived normative phubbing and levels of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and feelings of social exclusion. Implications of the variables studied are discussed as possible predictors of phubbing and are to be considered in its approach. The study examines phubbing as a normative behavior in Argentina. No previous studies have been carried out in our country that consider Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), Feelings of Social Exclusion and Perceived Phubbing as predictor variables.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aagaard, J. (2020). Digital akrasia: a qualitative study of phubbing. AI and Society 35(1), 237-244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-019-00876-0

Al-Saggaf, Y., & MacCulloch, R. (2019). Phubbing and social relationships: Results from an Australian sample. Journal of Relationships Research, 10, 10-20. https://doi.org/10.1017/jrr.2019.9

Aljasir, S. (2022). Present but absent in the digital age: testing a conceptual model of phubbing and relationship satisfaction among

married couples. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1402751

Blanca, M. J., & Bendayan, R. (2018). Spanish version of the Phubbing Scale: Internet addiction, Facebook intrusion, and fear of missing out as correlates. Psicothema, 30(4), 449-454. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2018.153

Bentler, P. M. (2007). On tests and indices for evaluating structural models. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 825-829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.024

Boniel-Nissim M., Tynjälä, J., Gobiņa, I., Furstova, J., van den Eijnden, R., Marino, C., Klanšček, H.J., Klavina-Makrecka, S., Villeruša, A., Lahti, H., Vieno, A., Wong, S.L., Villberg, J., Inchley, J., Gariépy, G. (2023). Adolescent use of social media and associations with sleep patterns across 18 European and North American countries. Sleep Health, 9(3), 314-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2023.01.005

Budnick, C. J., Rogers, A. P., & Barber, L. K. (2020). The fear of missing out at work: Examining costs and benefits to employee health and motivation. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 106161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106161

Chotpitayasunondh, Varoth & Douglas, Karen. (2016). How “phubbing” becomes the norm: The antecedents and consequences of snubbing via smartphone. Computers in Human Behavior 63, 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.018

Chotpitayasunondh, Varoth & Douglas, Karen. (2018). The effects of "phubbing" on social interaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48(6), 304-316. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12506

David, M. E., & Roberts, J. A. (2017). Phubbed and alone: Phone snubbing, social exclusion, and attachment to social media. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 2(2), 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1086/690940

David, M.E. & Roberts, J. A. (2020). Developing and testing a scale designed to measure perceived phubbing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(21), 1-15, 8152. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218152

Daantje Derks, A. B., Bakker, M. G. (2021). Private smartphone use during worktime: A diary study on the unexplored costs of integrating the work and family domains. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, 106530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106530

Durao, M., Etchezahar, E., Albalá Genol, M. Á., & Muller, M. (2023). Fear of Missing Out, Emotional Intelligence and Attachment in Older Adults in Argentina. Journal of Intelligence, 11(2), 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11020022

Falk, A., & Fischbacher, U. (2006). A theory of reciprocity. Games and Economic Behavior, 54(2), 293-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2005.03.001

George, D. and Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference 17.0 Update. 10th Edition, Pearson.

Haigh, A. (2015). Stop phubbing. Retrieved from http://stopphubbing.com

Hakoama, M., & Hakoyama, S. (2012). Young adults’ evaluations of cell phone manners. The American Association of Behavioral and Social Sciences Journal, the AABSS Journal, 16, 140-154.

Hall J.A., Baym N.K. and Miltner K.M. (2014). Put down that phone and talk to me: Understanding the roles of mobile phone norm adherence and similarity in relationships. Mobile Media & Communication, 2, 134-153. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157913517684

Ivanova, A., Gorbaniuk, O., Błachnio, A. (2020). Mobile Phone Addiction, Phubbing, and Depression Among Men and Women: A Moderated Mediation Analysis. Psychiatr Q 91, 655–668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09723-8

Kadylak, T. (2019). Mobile Phone Habits During Face to Face First Encounters: An Investigation of Self-disclosure and Nonverbal Mimicry. Michigan State University. Information and Media.

Keysar, B., Converse, B. A., Wang, J., & Epley, N. (2008). Reciprocity is not give and take: asymmetric reciprocity to positive and negative acts. Psychological Science, 19(12), 1280e1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02223.x

Khan, M. (2008). Adverse effects of excessive mobile phone use. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 21(4), 289-293. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10001-008-0028-6

Krasnova H., Abramova O., Notter I., & Baumann A. (2016). Why phubbing is toxic for your relationship: Understanding the role of smartphone jealousy among ‘Generation Y’ users. Paper presented at the 24th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Istanbul, Turkey.

Koebner, I. J., Fishman, S. M., Paterniti, D., Sommer, D., Witt, C. M., Ward, D., & Joseph, J. G. (2018). The Art of Analgesia: A Pilot Study of Art Museum Tours to Decrease Pain and Social Disconnection Among Individuals with Chronic Pain. Pain Medicine, 20(4), 681–691. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pny148

Leuppert, R., & Geber, S. (2020). Commonly done but not socially accepted? Phubbing and social norms in dyadic and small group settings. Communication Research Reports, 37(3), 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2020.1756767

Li, Y.-X., Zhang, Y.-H., Yang, R., Lian, S.-L., Yan, L., & Zhu, X.-M. (2023). Relationship between Perceived Social Norms and Phubbing: Individual Control and Fear of Missing Out as Mediators. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 21, 1898–1913. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00696-8

Miller, D. T., & Prentice, D. A. (1996). The construction of social norms and standards. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 799–829). The Guilford Press.

Pancani, L., Marinucci, M., Aureli, N., & Riva, P. (2021). Forced social isolation and mental health: A study on 1006 Italians under COVID-19 quarantine. Frontiers in Psychology, 21(12), 663799. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.663799

Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841-1848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014

Ranie, L., & Zickuhr, K. (2015). Americans’ Views on Mobile Etiquette. Pew Research Center.

Rendón Vélez, L. J. (2022). El phubbing y las relaciones de pareja adulta. Poiésis, 42, 49-61. https://doi.org/10.21501/16920945.3792

Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2019). The Social Media Party: Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), Social Media Intensity, Connection, and Well-Being. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact, 36, 386–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2019.1646517

Sunstein, C. R. (1996). Social norms and social roles. Columbia Law Review, 2, 903-968. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1123430

Tandon, A., Amandeep D., Shalini T., Puneet K., & Matti M. (2021). Dark consequences of social media-induced fear of missing out (FoMO): Social media stalking, comparisons, and fatigue. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 171, 120931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120931

Turel, O., Matt, C., Trenz, M., Cheung, C.M.K., D’Arcy, J., Qahri-Saremi, H. & Tarafdar, M. (2019). Panel report: the dark side of the digitization of the individual. Internet Research, 29(2), 274-288. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-04-2019-541

Téllez Rojas, M. A., & Rivera Fong, L. (2020). Development and validation of an instrument to measure social exclusion perception in young people. Psicogente, 23, 144-166. https://doi.org/10.17081/psico.23.43.3294

Vanden Abeele, M. M. P. (2018). The social consequences of phubbing: A framework and a research agenda. In R. S. Ling, L. Gogging, S. S. Fortunati, & Y. Li (Eds.), Handbook of mobile communication, culture, and information (pp. 158-174). Oxford University Press.

Yousaf, S., Rasheed, M. I., Hameed, Z., & Luqman, A. (2019). Occupational stress and its outcomes: The role of work-social support in the hospitality industry. Personnel Review, 49(3), 755–773. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-11-2018-0478

Yousaf, S., Muhammad, I. R., Puneet, K., Nazrul, I., & Amandeep, D., (2022). The dark side of phubbing in the workplace: Investigating the role of intrinsic motivation and the use of enterprise social media (ESM) in a cross-cultural setting. Journal of Business Research, 143, 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.01.043.

Williams K. D., Cheung C., & Choi W. (2020). Cyberostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 748-762. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.5.748

Zhang, Z., Jiménez, F. R., & Cicala, J. E. (2020). Fear of Missing Out Scale: A self-concept perspective. Psychology and Marketing, 37(11), 1619-1634. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21406

Published

2025-01-02

How to Cite

Phubbing as a Social Norm: Effects on Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and Perceived Exclusion. (2025). Latin American Journal of Educational Technology - RELATEC, 24(1), 65-75. https://doi.org/10.17398/1695-288X.24.1.65